Case Study on the nature vs nurture debate

Case Study on the nature vs nurture debate Is a childs development influenced by genetics or could the majority of influence be found in the childs environment? The nature vs. nurture debate has been at the forefront of psychology for many decades. The purpose of this essay is to try and answer this question using the case study of Genie. The essay shall also look at some of the roles that a multidisciplinary team would play in a case like Genies and if there was any hope of rehabilitation. The big question that had to be answered is whether or not it was too late for her to develop into a normal adult. Lenneberg (1957) (cited in Hayes, 1998) asserted that the critical period, in development for children is before puberty and if a child had not learnt how to speak, they would never pass the 2-3 word telegraphic stage. Lenneberg felt that after the critical stage has passed language would not be achieved normally after puberty. Chomsky (1957) (cited in Cardwell et al, 2010) stated that all human language has the same basic rules when it comes to grammar and structure. For most individuals development of language comes naturally as they grow. According to Chomsky (cited in Hayes, 1998), language is foremost a product of the brain and children have an innate acquisition device. The Chomskyan view supports the nature theory as he believed that infants are born with an idea of how language works and this inborn knowledge must be activated through exposure to language at the appropriate time. It is commonly known that behaviour is affected by consequences. Skinners (1935) (cited in Cardwell 1996) theory of operant conditioning states that the process does not require repeated efforts but an immediate reaction to a familiar stimulus. In the case of Genie, she was raised in isolation where she spent most of her childhood locked up in a bedroom. It is argued that her lack of language was due to the physical abuse from her father when she made a noise. It is noted that her father never spoke to her even when beating her. He was said to have barked and growled at her like a dog. In the following months after her discovery Genies mother reported that just after Genies isolation that she heard her saying words (Pines, 1997). This would show that Genie was on course to learn language. This would prove the theory of Chomsky, but would be against Lenneberg as he had theorised that the brain of a child before the age of two has not matured enough for the acquisition of language (Pines, 1997). However, throughout her life Genie failed to learn the grammar and sentence structure that according to Chomsky separates the language of human beings from other species. This could prove that she had passed the critical period for la nguage acquisition. With her history of operant conditioning, it can be argued that the behaviourist approach would be the best way to rehabilitate Genie. This would mean that the team dealing with Genie would have to change the consequences of an action. If Genie had been in the care of a modern day multidisciplinary team she would have been referred to several specialists. It can be assumed that Genie had expressive and receptive  language disorders due to her isolation. It is possible that part of her language issue may have related to the fact that her oral muscles had not developed enough for her to produce the correct sounds. During her years of isolation Genie was fed on baby food and soft foods. It has been documented that she would leave food in her mouth until the enzymes in her saliva started to digest the food (Pines, 1997). Genie would receive one to one attention from a speech and language therapist to try and overcome her speech and feeding difficulties. Language intervention activities would be effective with Genie as the therapist would interact and built a therapeutic relationship by appropriately playing and talking with her. The therapist would demonstrate how sounds are made and how to move the tongue to make certain sounds and use a variety of exercises to strengthen the muscles of the mouth. Genie could be sent to an occupational therapist (OT) in order to assess her needs and develop a care intervention plan. OTs believe that behaviour is learned and that poor or non advantageous behaviours can be unlearned and replaced by lasting habits (Turner et al). The OT could design a program for Genie that incorporates social skill training, anxiety management and behaviour modification. The use of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) (appendix 1) would measure Genies progress and ensure that a humanistic approach is taken regarding her care and rehabilitation. The COPM put Genie at the centre of her care plan and seeks to help her find meaning to her life in her everyday activities. As the months progressed Genie showed numerous breakthroughs. One such break through was noticed when Dr James Kent left Genie and she showed a change of facial expression. Genie had treated everyone the same and showed no emotional reaction to anyone or anything, however Dr Kent noticed her expression changed from happy to sad. She had always shown the ability to explore her environment but had never shown emotion. This showed that she could develop emotional attachments therefore she was able to learn. Bowlby (1969, 1973) (cited in Cardwell et al, 1996) stated that the importance of emotional attachment to a caregiver ensures that the child will be fed, protected from harm and educated. There is evidence to say that an infants need to form attachments is innate. This would also suggest that the parent also has an innate tendency to form attachments with their children. From an evolutionary point of view it is in the mothers best interest to see her children grow up and produce chil dren of their own. Through research, Klaus and Kennel (1976) (cited in psychology4a.com) found that mothers that were allowed constant contact with their newborn babies developed stronger bonds that mothers that only had contact for feeding. This has lead to the skin to skin hypothesis that has been implemented in hospitals. Fathers are also encouraged to be present at the birth to develop an early attachment. In the case of Genie little is known about her birth, however since she was born pre 1976 it is assumed that the father was not present at the birth and that mother and child were separated soon after the birthing process. This could have played a part in the inability to form an emotional attachment to Genie that lead to her years of abuse. David Rigler had advised that he felt that it was important for Genie to develop strong emotional attachments as part of her development. David Rigler and his wife Marilyn ended up fostering Genie. The Riglers took on the roles of Genies t herapy, teacher, principle investigator, and foster parents. While living with the Riglers Genie showed improvements in her therapy sessions. This could be due to her being in a nurturing environment were she was praised for making progress. This theory on learning is support by behaviourists Skinner (1957) (cited in Hayes, 1998) and Thorndyke (1911) (cited in Cardwell, 1996), who saw learning as happening mainly through the law of (positive) effect. This was demonstrated in the Skinner box experiment (Cardwell, 1996), which rewarded rats with food for a positive action. Initially the trap animal would demonstrate escape seeking behaviour; however one of the actions would provide the subject with a food reinforcer. This would result in the subject changing its behaviour to seek the reward. So in Genies case, every time she received praise for a positive action, she was more likely to repeat the action. While Genie was in isolation, her physiological needs were not completely met. According to Maslows (1954) (cited in Turner, 2007) hierarchy of needs (appendix 2), there are two sets of human needs. One set concerns basic survival needs such as physiological and basic safety needs. The other set concerns self-actualisation, the realisation of an individuals full potential as shown in creativity and the use of intellect. Since her physiological needs were not met Maslows theory states that she would not have been able to ascend the hierarchy and begin to satisfy her creative and intellectual drives. Dr. J. Shirley the psychiatrist, wanted to determine her mental capabilities. The sleep test that was carried out showed Genie had patterns that indicated mental retardation. It is not known if Genie was born this way or if the severe neglect contributed in her mental health. It is documented that at 14 months, Genie was diagnosed as being mentally retarded. It can be argued that Genie was not born mentally retarded but was handicapped due to lack of normal childhood development during her early years. Further test results showed that Genie did not display any left brain activity because it appeared not to have developed during her pre-pubescent years. The left part of the brain is the area that is responsible for language acquisition and development. Psychological tests showed that her mental age increased by one year, every year since her discovery. This is not characteristic of mental retardation. It can be argued that because the critical stage was missed, the biological ability for the brain to fully develop was therefore impaired. There are several flaws in the nature versus nurture debate. The flaw in the use of Skinners rats is that breeding within a family, as rats do, is known to cause genetic problems that can impair intelligence. There is also the question relating to Genies mental retardation. If she was born retarded then her ability to develop at the relevant critical periods was impaired from birth by nature. In Genies case it can be argued that nurture seemed to play a greater role than nature. She suffered from an environment were she was not nurtured positively. Most present day researchers agree that human traits are determined by both nature and nurture. They may disagree on which part has the greater influence.

Increase in Customer Influence on Businesses Essay -- Business, Logist

Increase in Customer Influence on Businesses and its Resultant Effect on Workers and Managers Introduction So many factors have come together to make today’s business environment very competitive and flexible at the same time. Customers now play a significant role in the production and delivery of both goods and services in the global market. Globalization has also made it possible for comparisons to take place between and amongst different markets, giving the customers knowledge (power) to make choices and demanding more value for their money. This stance of the customer goes a long way to determine the performance of organizations; this is because without the existence of customers to patronize the goods and/or services offered by businesses, there will be no need for these businesses to exist. Customer influence on businesses More often than not, studies have examined the relationship behaviour between businesses and their customers from the business perspective with little or no attention to the customers’ perspective. As stated by Keillor et al (1999), for businesses to succeed in a highly competitive market environment, they must fundamentally understand and satisfy customer needs. Heskett et al (1993, 2003) as sited by Maxham J.G et al (2008) posited that the profit and revenue growth of an organization are a function of customer loyalty which stems from customer satisfaction. The key demands from customers as stated by Heskett and his colleagues are high quality goods/services and satisfactions. For customers to remain loyal to an organization, they must experience good value for their money and satisfaction. Akin to the performance and productivity level of an organization is the performance of the manager... ...ple Resourcing: contemporary HRM in practice. 4th ed. London: Prentice Hall International Shenkar, O. & Luo, Y. (2007) International business. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Wu C.H et al (2008) Structural relationships among organization service orientation, employee service performance and consumer identification; the service industry journal vol 28(9) available from: http://ehis.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=04c840d7-ec91-4485-bb27-258e51dc1864%40sessionmgr111&vid=1&hid=116 Maxham J.G et al (2008) The Retail Value Chain: linking employee perceptions to employee performance, customer evaluations and store performance. Marketing science journal, vol 27 (2) available from: http://ehis.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=e3d4fad3-61ea-4147-8854-dac1e71b41bf%40sessionmgr111&vid=1&hid=116

Battered wives

To determine the amount and types of violence in U. S. homes, sociologists have interviewed nationally representative samples of U. S. couples (Straus, 1992). Although not all sociologists agree, Murray Straus concludes that husbands and wives are about equally likely to attack one another. When it comes to the effects of violence, however, gender equality certainly vanishes. As Straus points out, even though she may throw the coffeepot first, it is generally he who lands the last and most damaging blow.Consequently, many more wives than husbands seek medical attention because of marital violence. A good part of the reason, of course, is that most husbands are bigger and stronger than their wives, putting women at a disadvantage in this literal battle of the sexes. Violence against women is related to the sexist structure of society and to socialization. Growing up with norms that encourage aggression and the use of violence, many men feel it is their right to control women.When frus trated in a relationship or even by causes outside it, many men turn violently on their wives and lovers. The basic question is how to socialize males to handle frustration and disagreements without resorting to violence and this has not been answered yet. This paper will be discussing battered women and battered women syndrome in relationship to crime and deterrence. Battering of Women: The characteristics of assaulting a spouse or love suggest low deterrability. The behavior appears to be irrational, expressive, quite violent and likely to take place in private.It is often pointed out that the act historically has been culturally condoned and arguably continues so to some degree. Given a theoretical framework generally suggesting low deterrability, the outcome of the Minneapolis Domestic Violence experiment (Sherman & Berk, 1984) was quite surprising. The design of this important study provided for random assignment of three police responses to cases of misdemeanor domestic assaul t, the arrest of the offender, separation of the parties and some sort of advice, including mediation.Police officers responding to domestic violence calls were instructed to intervene as dictated by the color of the form appearing at the top of the report pad. Cases were then followed for six months to determine if the assaulter’s recidivated, as measured by additional reports to the police and periodic interviews with the victims. The lowest rate of repeat assaults, 13% was obtained when the offenders had been arrested, a middle level, 18. 2% followed advice or mediation, while the highest incidence of new assaults came after separation.The researchers concluded that â€Å"swift imposition of a sanction of temporary incarceration may deter male offenders in domestic assault cases†¦In short; criminal justice sanctions seem to matter for this offense in this setting with this group of experienced offenders† (Sherman & Berk, 1984, p. 270). Special deterrence was th ought to be operating even for this theoretically unpromising type of crime. The Minneapolis study, in combination with feminist activism and civil suits seeking equal protection of the laws for battered women had an unprecedented impact on police policy.Arrest became the preferred policy for misdemeanor domestic assault cases in most large U. S. police departments and remains the norm. Arrests of men who had committed misdemeanor assaults against their partners moved from a rarity in 1984 when the study was reported to the typical response well before the close of the decade. Ironically the changes in law have also led to dramatic increases in arrests of women, and have created a sense of ambivalence among some feminist criminologists (Chesney-Lind, 2002).While the impact of the Minneapolis experiment, combined with other social forces, was rapid and substantial, a series of six replication studies reflected the complexity of the concept of deterrence. Lively debate was stimulated because the conclusions of the evaluators of these six studies were quite divergent. While some found special deterrent effects of arrest, albeit weaker, others did not. Still others found that arrest increased recidivism among marginal offenders, those who may have felt they had nothing to lose.In Milwaukee, for example, unemployed suspects were more likely to assault their partners again if arrested (Sherman, Schmidt, Rogan, Smith, Gartin, Cohn, Collins & Bacich, 1992). The evidence for deterring the crime of misdemeanor assaults of women in domestic settings is mixed and complex. The consensus seems to be that there is some special deterrent effect, varying by characteristics of the offender. Unfortunately, differences in deterrability by persons, even when clearly understood, complicate the task of policy development.If arrest deters some assaulters, but escalates the violence of others, police policy for responding to these crimes becomes far more difficult to formulate. Policy changes in the area of police responses to woman battering have been one of the most dramatic within criminal justice in recent decades. The policy directive of most U. S. police departments has shifted from one of arrest avoidance for misdemeanor assault of intimate partners, to a presumptive arrest standard. In other words, rather than having to justify an arrest as exceptional, an officer must defend a non-arrest decision when a woman is the victim of a minor assault.The public opinion for these changes is mixed (Brown, 1990). Battered Woman Syndrome: Women who are victims of violence from husbands and live-in male companions increasingly are being brought within the scope of criminological study. Earlier such events were regarded by the male-dominated realm of law enforcement and the equally male-dominated real of social science as private affairs, best left in the shadows. There was a wild myth that women enjoyed being hit, interpreting it as attention, and therefore a sign of caring. Some victims who are beaten may respond with seeming indifference.Women who are beaten, particularly lower-class women may not see themselves as real victims, but merely as suffering the usual lot of a woman. The problem of wife beating did not command the public attention it now receives because of startling increases in such violence, but rather because of a shift in public sentiment. By capitalizing on the expansionist interests in the social work, mental health, and legal professions, and offering a good subject for the media, special interest groups convinced people that there was a problem demanding attention.Hundreds of shelters for battered women that provided an alternative to remaining with abusive males soon were opening (Walker, 2000). Today the battered woman syndrome sometimes is successfully introduced into criminal trials to excuse a woman who killed her husband after being subjected to intense abuse over a considerable period of time. Many men take exceptio n to such acquittals, insisting that the use of lethal force is a disproportionate response; after all assault is not a capital offense. They also may argue that the women could have departed rather than killed.Many women take strong exception to this male position. They insist that the victims of domestic violence lose their self-respect, their judgment, and that they retaliate out of desperation (Chan, 2001). In the past few years, considerable national attention has been given to the issue of how to handle persons who kill spouses or loves, who abuse them. In some states women convicted of killing their husbands after years of abuse have been granted clemency and released from prison. Jurisdictions have differed in their treatment of the battered women syndrome defense.Some courts have refused to admit evidence of the syndrome. Others have admitted it for limited purposes, such as to show the inability of a woman to assist her attorney in her defense (Walker, 2000). Conclusion: I t has been estimated that over 1. 5 million wives in this country are severely beaten by their husbands annually (Strauss, 1992), and such figures may underestimate the number of actual cases. Women in cohabiting relationships are even more likely than wives to be battered, although the reasons for this are not at all clear.Sympathy for battered women may be difficult to come by in light of widespread tendencies to blame the victim for staying with, going back to, or not walking out on an abusive husband or lover. Years of exploration have addressed the question of why abused women stay with abusers. Proposed explanations, none of them entirely satisfactory, have included reference to the victims economic dependency, the victims tendencies to place blame on themselves, not the batterers and a vicious circle of abuse leading to lowered self-esteem on the part of the victim, which in turn leads to greater abuse.But because there is a strong tendency for domestic violence to recur and in some cases to become progressively more severe over time victims must be strongly encouraged to seek professional and or legal assistance at the very first sign that their spouses or lovers are batterers and this is despite any promises, protests, excuses, apologies or vows never to do it again on the part of the batterers. Reference: Brown, S. E. (1990). â€Å"Police responses to wife beating: Five years later†.Journal of Criminal Justice,18, 459-462. Chan, W. (2001). Women, Murder, and Justice. New York: Palgrave. Chesney-Lind, M. (2002). â€Å"Criminalizing victimization: The unintended consequences of pro-arrest polices for girls and women†. Criminology & Public Policy, 1, 81- 90. Sherman , L. W. & Burk, R. A. (1984). â€Å" The specific deterrent effects of arrest for domestic assault†. American Sociological Review, 49, 261-272. Sherman, L. W. , Schmidt, J. D. , Rogan, D.P. , Smith, D. A. , Gartin, P. R. , Cohn, E. G. , Collins, D. J. & Bacich, A. R. (19 92). â€Å"The variable effects of arrest on criminal careers: The Milwaukee Domestic Violence Experiment†. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 83, 170-200. Strauss, M. A. (1992). â€Å"Explaining family violence†. In Marriage and Family in a Changing Society, 4th. Ed. New York: Free Press, 344-356. Walker, L. E. A. (2000). The Battered Women Syndrome, 2nd. Ed. New York: Springer

Business Ethics and Law Documents Free Essay Example, 750 words

Law and ethics are some of the significant external environmental factors in the corporate sector. Intensive competition in the sector may induce unfair practices against competitors but the legal and moral environment exerts pressure to ensure that parties compete fairly. This paper considers the case of competition between APEX and Computer Solutions and argues that APEX, through its representative, should restrain from any act that could undermine Computer Solutions competitiveness, unfairly. The case identifies Alex Franklin, project manager for APEX, a client and Computer Solutions that is APEX s strongest competitor. The two companies are interested in a contract with First Street Bank and Alex sees success in winning a contract with the bank as an opportunity for his promotion while the bank s vice president seems to favor APEX for the contract. The bidding deadline is almost and the vice president calls Alex and his team and leaves him with a folder labeled Computer Solutio ns. The moral dilemma is Alex s possible action with the competitor s envelop that the vice president has given him (Wicks, Freeman, Werhane and Martin, 2009). Kant s ethical theory offers one of the bases for analyzing the case. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Ethics and Law Documents or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Another imperative that Kant offers is the criticism against treating people as means to a person's end and the case identifies promotion as Alex's core objective into the bid. Taking advantage of a person s weakness is an example.

The Existence of God through reasoning and evidence - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 817 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Religion Essay Level High school Tags: Existence of God Essay Did you like this example? The world of Philosophy can often be a tricky place and without proper understand of the texts and articles you read, you can very easily find yourself being misled. There are many that I still find puzzling and have a difficult time understanding. One of the arguments, that I find the most difficult to understand, is rationalism and using it to argue the existence of God. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Existence of God through reasoning and evidence" essay for you Create order Each culture and religion have their own story as to how life began. These are often called creation narratives. In my argument, I would like to argue that there is a God and that he is our creator. Rationalism can be defined as the view that through unaided reason we can come to know that the world is like. (P. 266) (Vaughn) In other words, rationalism is our way of understanding the world around us through reasoning and knowledge. This type of argument would be considered as a deductive argument. A deductive argument can be defined as an argument intended to give logically conclusive support its conclusion. (P. 16) (Vaughn) In other words, a deductive argument is a type of argument that provides premises that are true and will ultimately lead to a true conclusion to an argument. My premises to this argument include, God does exist, we had to be created from someone instead of something, and that there have been events listed in the bible that have been archeologically proven. These are my premises to the existence of God. Many people like to try and disprove the existence of God through reasoning and evidence. These people could be defined as empiricists. Empiricism can be defined as the view that our knowledge of the empirical world comes solely from sense experience. (P. 266) (Vaughn) This type of person refuses to believe in the things that they do not have any tangible or physical proof or have experiences something through their sense experiences (feeling, touch, sight) or posterioi knowledge. A rationalist can successfully defend their argument from the attack of an empiricist or someone who is a skeptic if they are strong in their beliefs and provide sound premises like the ones listed. I believe that God exists and that he is our creator. In the video of Bernard Williams on Descartes, Williams makes a valid argument on the existence of God and I believe that it ties up with rationalist theories. In this video, makes an argument stating that there is a God by arguing that Since I have the idea of God, it can only be because there actually is a God who created me. I know that he created me, and I know that he is benevolent and because God created me, and is benevolent, he is concerned with my intellectual welfare as with my moral welfare. (Youtube) (20:44-22:06) Essentially, I think what Williams meant by that statement was the fact that the reason that we believe that there is a God is because God gave us knowledge of himself in our minds before we were even born. It is like the innate knowledge that Plato described in Chapter six. Innate knowledge can be defined as knowledge of immaterial ideals already present at birth, inscribed in our minds (our immortal souls) in a previous existence. (P. 270) (Vaughn) In other words, if God didnt give me knowledge of himself, how do I know that he is real? There has to be a God because we had to be created by someone instead of something. It is hard to believe that we are here, and life is sustainable all because of a big bang. The sun is not too close and it is not too far away. We have the perfect temperature, ample amounts of sunlight, and oxygen to breathe. Everything we need to survive is perfectly in its place. This is an example of efficient causes. (P. 64) (Vaughn) People are often skeptical of the events in the bible. However, archeologists have been able to unearth various items to prove that some of the events listed in the bible had occurred. For instance, there are many signs that there was once a great flood across the surface of the earth. There have been whale bones along with various other fossils of marine life found at the top of the Andes mountains in Chile. The Andes mountains are nearly 23,000 ft tall. The fossils were found more than 130 feet above sea level and they were perfectly preserved. (Mohan) The findings of these fossils are a great indicator that, at one point in time, the earth was covered with water. Mohan, Geoffrey. Scientists Solve Mystery of Mass Whale Graveyard in Chile. Los Angeles Times, Los Angeles Times, 26 Feb. 2014, articles.latimes.com/2014/feb/26/science/la-sci-sn-mass-whale-grave-yard-20140226. (Youtube) Bernard Williams on Descartes (1987). YouTube, YouTube, 7 Nov. 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=7dIf7MapuqEfeature=youtu.be. Vaughn, Lewis. Philosophy Here and Now: Powerful Ideas in Everyday Life. Oxford University Press, 2016.

Essay on The Swedish Model of Labor Market - 532 Words

The Swedish model of labor market is distinctive. There are several elements that build up a successful Swedish model. De-commodification of labor has been put into practice in order to balance power between capital and labor. There is a large degree of organization, The Swedish Trade Union Confederation (LO) and The Swedish Employers’ Confederation (SAF) which made possible for self-regulation. Working class is very strong which results in low level of labor market conflict. Centralized bargaining is also a key aspect that wage or work condition is an outcome of negotiation between two peak organizations. Moreover, Rhen- Meidner model was implemented in 1950s. The model intends to reach full employment in line with economic stability.†¦show more content†¦The government was able to runs budget balance and unemployment rate was decreased dramatically. A significant change in this period was an implication of workfare policy. The policy affects supply side of labor in which it put more pressure for an individual worker to seek for a job. The process of acquiring social insurance benefit becomes more difficult. Workfare policy forces workers to work until they have no working capability at all. Unemployment insurance has been changed into a negative trend in a view of workers. In 2007 it became even stricter when the right-wings party was in power. Rules of qualification in order to obtain benefit are costly. It requires membership fee which has been increasing significantly. Thus, the fee system excludes workers who could not afford or think that it is not worth paying for. Minimum working period is included in the rule making more burdens to benefit claimer. Compensation level has been reduced from 90 percent of initial income to 80 percent. The rule turned to be even more complicated in 2007 that the compensation is 80 percent of initial income for the first 200 days and reduce to 70 percent for the rest day until 300 days. This significant cha nge has a great impact on individual’s incentive. Most of people have left insurance and turn to private insurance like Trade Union. Moreover, people must concern more whether it is risky or not to change a certain job. This is because the governmentShow MoreRelatedDeveloped Countries and Economically Developed Countries Essay examples927 Words   |  4 Pagesapproaches to achieve the same objective. Hogan (1998) said that exist a negative relationship between this two variable in a short run. The low of unemployment rate in United State has increased the inflation rate. Using the estimation of Phillips Curves model that has apply in the research, his conclude that the non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU) may be decreased a little bit. 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Statement Project Success Is A Matter Of Opinion †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Statement - Project Success Is A Matter Of Opinion. Answer: Introduction Project managementcan be defined as the proper practice for the initiation, planning, execution, control as well as closing of the work of the project for achieving all the goals and objectives of the project and thus gaining success for the project (Kerzner Kerzner, 2017). There are specific criteria of success in the project and within a specific time constraint. A project is the temporary endeavour that is eventually designed for producing unique products or services. The goals as well as the objectives of this project completely depend on the various project constraints either primary or secondary (Burke, 2013). These specific goals of the project are responsible for bringing out all the beneficial changes or alterations in the project. The business operations of any particular business are permanent, repetitive or even semi permanent activities of functions for producing the results. The following report outlines a brief discussion on the popular statement that Project success is a matter of opinion. This report eventually provides a critical examination of this statement after taking into consideration of the project stakeholders perspectives and the various influence of the constraint of project. Project Management The discipline of utilizing various established principles, policies and procedures for successfully managing and controlling any specific project right from the conception stage to the completion stage is known as project management. It substantially oversees all the planning, organization and implementation of any project (Larson Gray, 2013). The project is the undertaking that comprises of a distinct starting and an ending parameter, which is solely designed for producing a definite outcome like a brand new computer system. This project is completely different from the all other ongoing processes like the programs of asset management and governance. The plan of theproject management is supposed to efficiently and promptly guide every aspect of the project from the starting point to the finishing point with project goals to deliver the product on time and within budget (Schwalbe, 2015). The plan of any project usually starts with a project charter. This plan is thus expected in the successful identification of all the potential challenges and also handling of every constraint for keeping the project on time and budget. The project manager is responsible for making the project successful and there are few steps in a project (Fleming Koppelman, 2016). The steps mainly include definition of project goals, outlining steps for achieving the project goals, identification of the resources that are needed for the accomplishment of the steps, determination of the time and budget needed for the steps, overseeing real implementation as well as execution of the project and finally delivering the project result. The project managers are responsible for implementing controls for assessing the progress and performance against the decided objectives, budget and schedule that are parts of the project plan (Walker, 2015). All these together are termed as project scope. The primary challenge of theproject management is the achievement of each and every goal of the project within provided time and budget. Project Success The success of any project refers to all the factors that have made the project successful or is helping the project to become successful. The project success criterion depends on the facts that whether the project would become successful or not (Harrison Lock, 2017). It is completely dependent on various important factors like stakeholders perspectives or the influence of all the project constraints. This success of the project is completely a matter of opinion as several authors have demonstrated several factors or theories on this. The complete success of project does not depend on any one factor and rather a series of factors are responsible for the successful completion of the project (Heagney, 2016). The critical success factors or the CSFs of any project can be mainly depicted as the success of the market, morale of the organization, technological reputation with all the clients, perspectives of the stakeholders, influence of the project constraints, risk recognition or identification in important segments, proper risk management, image in the financial markets, margins of the profit, performance to the budget of the project and many more. The success of the project also depends on the technical performance, personal growth, managerial implications, organizational implications, and efficiency in execution, manufacturability performances and even the business performances (Snyder, 2014). The success of the project can also be assessed by various groups of interest like managers, clients, stakeholders, stockh olders, employees, staff members and many more. The project management success also focuses on the process of project and the proper accomplishment of time, cost or any other quality objectives. It even takes into consideration the manner through which the process of project management is conducted. Solving the problems or the risks associated with the project is also responsible for the successful project result (Mir Pinnington, 2014). These are the key factors of success only to focus on making the significant difference in the project management effectiveness. The project plans should be upgraded regularly so that the project is completely properly. Perspectives of Stakeholders The stakeholders are the most important factors in any specific project. These stakeholders are referred to any person or individual associated with the project (Turner, 2016). They can either be an accountant, a group, an organization, members, or even the system that is affected by the execution of the project or rather the project becomes successful with the help of the stakeholders. The project stakeholders are the group of members or individuals who directly affects or manages the project. The project goals or objectives are set by these stakeholders or the goals and objectives of the project are set for the benefit of the stakeholders (Hwang Ng, 2013). Even the policies and procedures of the project are affected and set by the stakeholders of that particular project. There are some of the major and significant examples of stakeholders in any typical project. They are the creditors, directors, governments, agencies, owners or the shareholders, unions, suppliers and also the emp loyees of the project. Even the communities from where the project is getting all of its resources fall under the category of project stakeholders. The client of any project is entitled to trading practices that are absolutely fair. Each and every decision of the project is taken by the stakeholders of the project and without their permission; no change or alteration is done within the project (Kerzner, 2018). The example of the negative impact on the stakeholders is the moment when the project owner cuts off the costs and expenses of the project and thus plans a typical round of layoff. This negativity or the negative impact on the stakeholders strongly affects the workers community, who are working in the project and hence the budget of the project is affected. The complete success of the project depends of the perspectives of the stakeholders or how the stakeholders are behaving during the project duration. The stakeholders of the project can either be inside or can be outside of the organization (Binder, 2016). They have the following tasks: i) Sponsoring of the project: The entire project is sponsored by them and the even the budget is decided by them. ii) Interest in the Project: They have an interest in the project and want the project to be successful. iii) Positive as well as Negative Influence: The stakeholders might have a positive or a negative influence on the project (Pemsel Wiewiora, 2013). The examples of the project stakeholders are given below: i) Project Leader ii) Senior Management iii) Project Team Members iv) Project Clients v) Resource Managers vi) Line Managers vii) Project Testers viii) Project Subcontractors ix) Project Consultants x) Project Groups The above mentioned project stakeholders perspectives are thus extremely vital and important for the successful completion of the project (Martinelli Milosevic, 2016). These stakeholders play the most vital role in the success of the project and project management. Influence of Project Constraints Project constraints can be defined as the problems or barriers that stop any particular project to reach to its success points. These barriers or constraints often become major problems in the success route of the project and thus the project might face significant losses (Kerzner, 2018). There are various types of constraints in any specific project. Following are the six important constraints of a particular project. i) Project Risk: This is the first and the foremost project constraint in any typical project. There is always a high chance of risk in any project and this can bring out the most dangerous situations within the project. There is a lot of uncertainty that when and where the project can fail and how that failure could be overcome (Binder, 2016). If this project risk is not properly managed with the help of the risk management techniques, the project risk can bring out major problems within the project and the project can turn out to be a failure. ii) Project Scope: This is the second important project constraint in any project. The scope refers to the future outcome or future result of the project. The expected outcome of the project is again one of the most significant constraints in any project. If the project scope is not clear in the beginning, it is evident that the project could become a major failure in future (Turner, 2016). All the members of the projects should have a clear view of the project scope during the entire period of project. iii) Project Quality: The third important constraint in any project is the quality of the project. If the quality of the project is hampered in any aspect, the entire project would be at stake (Snyder, 2014). The client will not like the project and thus the project would be a failure. iv) Project Cost: Another significant constraint in the project success is the cost or expenses of the project. Before any project is started, a fixed plan or budget is set for it. If the project does not follow the previously planned budget, there is a high chance that the project would incur huge costs and the client would be facing losses and lack of resources (Walker, 2015). Thus, project cost should be maintained throughout the project so that the project does not incur any extra expense. v) Project Resources: The fifth important constraint of a successful project is the project resource. Various resources are required in a project and if any of them are not present in the project, it would turn out to be a major failure (Schwalbe, 2015). Therefore, the project should be executed according to the list of project resources. vi) Project Time: The final constraint in the path of a successful project is the scheduled time. An estimated time is mentioned to the client before the project is started. When this time exceeds, extra cost is incurred (Burke, 2013). Project time has significant influence on the success of the project. Thus, the above mentioned six constraints clearly depict that they have important influence on the success of any project. Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion it can be concluded that, project management is the proper and significant practice or procedure for the successful beginning, planning, completion, management and even closing the team work of any project to achieve each and every objective and goal of that particular project and hence obtaining success in the project. Several important success criteria within the project are present and the project is to be completed within a given constraint of time. Any project is a temporary attempt, which is eventually calculated for the production of various unique services and products. The distinct objectives as well as goals of the project significantly are dependent on several constraint of a project irrespective of the fact that they primary or secondary. These significant objectives of a project are absolutely responsible to bring out each and every advantageous alterations or changes within the project. The longevity of the various operations of busi ness of any specific business is long and they are repetitive, permanent, or semi permanent actions of functionalities to produce significant results. The above report has outlined a detailed discussion on the very famous statement of Project success is a matter of opinion. This report has eventually provided the critical examination of the above mentioned statement when the project stakeholders perspectives are considered. Moreover, the several project constraints are also taken into consideration while describing this particular statement. References Binder, J. (2016).Global project management: communication, collaboration and management across borders. Routledge. Burke, R. (2013). Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, USA. Fleming, Q. W., Koppelman, J. M. (2016, December). Earned value project management. Project Management Institute. Harrison, F., Lock, D. (2017).Advanced project management: a structured approach. Routledge. Heagney, J. (2016).Fundamentals of project management. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Hwang, B. G., Ng, W. J. (2013). Project management knowledge and skills for green construction: Overcoming challenges.International Journal of Project Management,31(2), 272-284. Kerzner, H. 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